Scientists saw a quark plowing through primordial plasma for the first time, offering a rare look at the first moments after ...

What happens when the smallest building blocks of matter refuse to play by the rules of traditional physics? For decades, atomic nuclei have posed a stubborn puzzle: at low energies, they appear as ...

Protons are particles that exist in the nucleus of all atoms, with their number defining the elements themselves. Protons, however, are not fundamental particles. Rather, they are composite particles ...

Trillions of times smaller than a grain of sand and smaller than an atomic proton or neutron, quarks are among the smallest particles in the universe. They are essentially building blocks for ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London.View full profile Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum ...