This monograph is the first survey of neural approaches to conversational AI that targets Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval audiences. It provides a comprehensive survey of the ...

The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A ...

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly advance digital twin (DT) technologies by enhancing data analytics, predictive modeling, and real-time decision-making ...

Tongue color is an important tongue diagnostic index for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Due to the individual experience of TCM experts as well as ambiguous boundaries among the tongue color ...

Proactive human–robot collaborative (HRC) assembly has caught great attention as emerging paradigm for flexible mass personalization in manufacturing with respect to Industry 5.0. To realize adaptive ...

Holograms synthesized by computer are used for constructing optical wavefronts from numerically specified objects. Elimination of the need for a physical object has made new applications possible, for ...

Time delay and Doppler shift between the echo signal and the reference signal are two most commonly used measurements in target localization for the passive radar. Doppler rate, which can be obtained ...

This paper describes a computer analysis of the propagating modes of a rectangular dielectric waveguide. The analysis is based on an expansion of the electromagnetic field in terms of a series of ...

The electron plasma frequency reduction factor has proved to be a fundamental design parameter in all types of microwave tubes employing long electron beams. This factor is here calculated for a ...

The attenuation and scattering of laser beams by rain, fog, and snow have been calculated and measured at 0.63, 3.5, and 10.6μ. Attenuation of the infrared wavelengths by light fog is up to one order ...